19-04-2021

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This title was enacted by act July 30, 1947, ch. 391, 61 Stat. 652, and was revised in its entirety by Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 101, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2541

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–264, title II, § 202(b), Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3737, added item relating to chapter 14.

2010—Pub. L. 111–295, § 4(b)(1)(B), Dec. 9, 2010, 124 Stat. 3180, substituted “Importation and Exportation” for “Manufacturing Requirements, Importation, and Exportation” in item relating to chapter 6.

2008—Pub. L. 110–403, title I, § 105(c)(3), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4260, substituted “Manufacturing Requirements, Importation, and Exportation” for “Manufacturing Requirements and Importation” in item relating to chapter 6.

2004—Pub. L. 108–419, § 3(b), Nov. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2361, substituted “Proceedings by Copyright Royalty Judges” for “Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panels” in item relating to chapter 8.

1998—Pub. L. 105–304, title I, § 103(b), title V, § 503(a), Oct. 28, 1998, 112 Stat. 2876, 2916, added items relating to chapters 12 and 13.

1997—Pub. L. 105–80, § 12(a)(1), Nov. 13, 1997, 111 Stat. 1534, substituted “Requirements” for “Requirement” in item relating to chapter 6, “Arbitration Royalty Panels” for “Royalty Tribunal” in item relating to chapter 8, and “Semiconductor Chip Products” for “semiconductor chip products” in item relating to chapter 9, and added item relating to chapter 10.

1994—Pub. L. 103–465, title V, § 512(b), Dec. 8, 1994, 108 Stat. 4974, added item relating to chapter 11.

1984—Pub. L. 98–620, title III, § 303, Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3356, added item relating to chapter 9.

Table I

This Table lists the sections of former Title 17, Copyrights, and indicates the sections of Title 17, as enacted in 1947, which covered similar and related subject matter.

Title 17

Former Sections

Title 17

1947 Revision Sections

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

10

10

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

15

15

16

16

17

17

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

21

22

22

23

23

24

24

Rep.

25

101

26

102

27

103

28

104

29

105

30

106

31

107

32

108

33

109

34

110

35

111

36

112

37

113

38

114

39

115

40

116

41

27

42

28

43

29

44

30

45

31

46

32

47

201

48

202

49

203

50

204

51

205

52

206

53

207

54

208

55

209

56

210

57

211

58

212

59

213

60

214

61

215

62

26

63

6

64

6

65

25

Table II

This Table lists the sections of former Title 17, Copyrights, and indicates the sections of Title 17, as revised in 1976, which cover similar and related subject matter.

Title 17

1947 Revision Sections

Title 17

New Sections

1

106, 116

2

301

3

102, 103

4

102

5

102

6

102

7

103

8

104, 105, 303

9

104

10

401

11

410

12

408

13

407, 411

14

407

15

407

16

601

17

407

18

407, 506

19

401

20

401, 402

21

405

22

601

23

601

24

203, 301 et seq.

25

301 et seq.

26

101

27

109, 202

28

201, 204

29

204

30

205

31

205

32

201

101

412, 501–504

102

Rep. See T. 28 § 1338

103

Rep. See F.R. Civ. Proc.

104

110, 506

105

506

106

602

107

602

108

603

109

603

110

Rep. See T. 28 § 1338

111

Rep. See T. 28 § 1400

112

502

113

502

114

502

115

507

116

505

201

701(a)

202

701(a)

203

708(c)

204

Rep.

205

701(c)

206

701(b)

207

702

208

705

209

407, 410

210

707

211

707

212

705

213

704

214

704

215

708(a), (b)

216

703

Prior Provisions

Title 17, as enacted by act July 30, 1947, ch. 391, 61 Stat. 652, consisting of sections 1 to 32, 101 to 116, and 201 to 216, as amended through 1976, and section 203, as amended by Pub. L. 95–94, title IV, § 406(a), Aug. 5, 1977, 91 Stat. 682, terminated Jan. 1, 1978.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 102, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2598, provided that:

“This Act [enacting this title and section 170 of Title 2, The Congress, amending section 131 of Title 2, section 290e of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 2318 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 543 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, section 1498 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, sections 3203 and 3206 of Title 39, Postal Service, and sections 505 and 2117 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents, and enacting provisions set out as notes below and under sections 104, 115, 304, 401, 407, 410, and 501 of this title] becomes effective on January 1, 1978, except as otherwise expressly provided by this Act, including provisions of the first section of this Act. The provisions of sections 118, 304(b), and chapter 8 of title 17, as amended by the first section of this Act, take effect upon enactment of this Act [Oct. 19, 1976].”
Separability

Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 115, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2602, provided that:

17
“If any provision of title 17 [this title], as amended by the first section of this Act, is declared unconstitutional, the validity of the remainder of this title is not affected.”
Authorization of Appropriations

Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 114, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2602, provided that:

“There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such funds as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act [this title].”
Lost and Expired Copyrights; Recording Rights

Pub. L. 94–553, title I, § 103, Oct. 19, 1976, 90 Stat. 2599, provided that:

“This Act [enacting this title] does not provide copyright protection for any work that goes into the public domain before January 1, 1978. The exclusive rights, as provided by section 106 of title 17 as amended by the first section of this Act, to reproduce a work in phonorecords and to distribute phonorecords of the work, do not extend to any nondramatic musical work copyrighted before July 1, 1909.”

Normally time is shown as Hours:Minutes

There are 24 Hours in a Day and 60 Minutes in each Hour.

Showing the Time

There are two main ways to show the time: '24 Hour Clock' or 'AM/PM':

24 Hour Clock: the time is shown as how many hours and minutes since midnight.
AM/PM (or '12 Hour Clock'): the day is split into:
  • the 12 Hours running from Midnight to Noon (the AM hours), and
  • the other 12 Hours running from Noon to Midnight (the PM hours).

Like this (try the slider):

PM

Post Meridiem*
Latin for 'after midday'

Midnight to Noon

24 Hour Clock:
12:00 to 23:59

*Is that spelled 'Meridiem' or 'Meridian'? See here.

Converting AM/PM to 24 Hour Clock

17

Add 12 to any hour after Noon (and subtract 12 for the first hour of the day):

For the first hour of the day (12 Midnight to 12:59 AM), subtract 12 Hours

From 1:00 AM to 12:59 PM, no change

Examples: 11:20 AM = 11:20, 12:30 PM = 12:30

From 1:00 PM to 11:59 PM, add 12 Hours


Converting 24 Hour Clock to AM/PM

For the first hour of the day (00:00 to 00:59), add 12 Hours, make it 'AM'

Examples: 00:10 = 12:10 AM, 00:40 = 12:40 AM

From 01:00 to 11:59, just make it 'AM'

From 12:00 to 12:59, just make it 'PM'

Examples: 12:10 = 12:10 PM, 12:55 = 12:55 PM

From 13:00 to 23:59, subtract 12 Hours, make it 'PM'

Comparison Chart

Here is a side-by-side comparison of the 24 Hour Clock and AM/PM:

Example: 10 minutes past
AM / PM
24 Hour Clock
AM / PM
00:0012 Midnight
00:1012:10 AM
01:001:00 AM01:101:10 AM
02:002:00 AM02:102:10 AM
03:003:00 AM03:103:10 AM
04:004:00 AM04:104:10 AM
05:005:00 AM05:105:10 AM
06:006:00 AM06:106:10 AM
07:007:00 AM07:107:10 AM
08:008:00 AM08:108:10 AM
09:009:00 AM09:109:10 AM
10:0010:00 AM10:1010:10 AM
11:0011:00 AM11:1011:10 AM
12:0012 Noon12:1012:10 PM
13:001:00 PM13:101:10 PM
14:002:00 PM14:102:10 PM
15:003:00 PM15:103:10 PM
16:004:00 PM16:104:10 PM
17:005:00 PM17:105:10 PM
18:006:00 PM18:106:10 PM
19:007:00 PM19:107:10 PM
20:008:00 PM20:108:10 PM
21:009:00 PM21:109:10 PM
22:0010:00 PM22:1010:10 PM
23:0011:00 PM23:1011:10 PM

Midnight and Noon

'12 AM' and '12 PM' can cause confusion, so we prefer '12 Midnight' and '12 Noon'.

What Day is Midnight?

Midnight has another problem: there is nothing to tell us 'is this the beginning or ending of the day'.

Imagine your friends say they are leaving for holiday at 'midnight' on 12th March, what day should you arrive to say goodbye?

Do you get there on the 11th (assuming they leave at the very start of the 12th), or the 12th (assuming they leave at the end of the 12th)?

It is better to use:

  • 11:59 PM or 12:01 AM, or
  • 23:59 or 00:01 (24-Hour Clock)
17 year old actress

17hats

which the railroads, airlines and military actually do.

17th Amendment

So, when you see something like 'offer ends midnight October 15th' tell them to use one minute before or after so there is no confusion!

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Footnote on 'Meridiem' vs 'Meridian'

Should 'AM' be 'ante meridiem' or 'ante meridian' (likewise for PM)?

The official (according to an American, Australian and British dictionary I checked), and most common spelling for AM is 'ante meridiem' which is a Latin phrase. I recommend that spelling!

But people sometimes use the phrase 'ante meridian' (a 'meridian' in this case refers to an imaginary line in the sky when the sun is at its highest point).